Volume 1,Issue 2
Research on the Traditional Chinese Medicine Name, Etiology and Pathogenesis, and Syndromes of Lichen Sclerosus Based on Literature Retrieval
Objective: To investigate and discuss the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) disease names, etiology, pathogenesis, and distribution characteristics of syndrome types of lichen sclerosus. Methods: Literature on the diagnosis and treatment experience of lichen sclerosus published up to March 2023 was collected from CNKI, VIP Database, and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform. The collected literature was screened, and the TCM disease names, etiology, pathogenesis, and syndrome types mentioned in the literature were statistically analyzed for frequency, with the syndrome types being further broken down into syndrome elements. Results: A total of 31 articles meeting the criteria were selected, involving 31 physicians; there were 14 different TCM disease names, with the more frequent ones being “vulvar itching” and “vulvar sores”; the internal causes of the disease mainly involve deficiencies in the vital energy of the liver, spleen, and kidneys, while external causes include the six pathogenic factors and environmental factors; the pathogenesis is characterized by a deficiency in the root and excess in the branches, with the deficiency being a deficiency of the liver, spleen, and kidneys, and the excess including damp-heat, dry-heat, qi stagnation, blood stasis, and damp-toxicity; the disease location is in the vulva, related to the liver, spleen, and kidneys; there are 7 types of excess syndrome elements and 5 types of deficiency syndrome elements, constituting 11 syndrome types, which are: 1) Single-factor syndromes: liver and kidney yin deficiency, liver and kidney essence deficiency, spleen deficiency with dampness excess, spleen and kidney yang deficiency, kidney deficiency with blood stasis; 2) Dual-factor syndromes: insufficient essence and blood, damp-heat descending, liver channel damp-heat, qi stagnation and blood stasis, liver depression and spleen deficiency; 3) Multi-factor syndromes: blood deficiency generating wind and drying. Conclusion: By analyzing and organizing the insights and treatment experiences of various physicians on lichen sclerosus, standardizing the TCM disease names, etiology, pathogenesis, and syndrome characteristics of this disease provides a reference for TCM diagnosis and treatment and has positive implications for the prevention and treatment of this disease with Chinese medicine.
[1] Du HL, 2021, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology. China Traditional Chinese Medicine Press, Beijing.
[2] Zhang ZB, Wang YY, Lyu AP, et al., 2006, Demonstration of Syndrome Elements and Syndrome Targets for Combination Syndrome Differentiation. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2006(7): 483–485.
[3] Zeng Q, 2005, Summary of Professor Yang Jialin’s Experience in Treating Gynecological Diseases from the Perspective of Liver and Kidney. Journal of Emergency in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2005(6): 552–553.
[4] Xie P, 2006, Examples of Professor Yang Jialin’s Experience in Treating White Lesions of the Vulva. Journal of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2006(3): 188 + 201.
[5] Chen CQ, 2020, Wang Xiaoyun’s Experience in Treating Vulvar Nutritional Dysplasia from the Perspective of Liver. Guiding Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology, 26(15): 190–191 + 198.
[6] Chen DP, 1997, Cai Xiaorun’s Experience in Treating White Lesions of the Vulva. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1997(4): 205–206.
[7] Chen HZ, Yao MY, Wu XK, 2010, Summary of Wang Xiuxia’s Experience in Treating Vulvar Leukoplakia with Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine. Journal of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 12(1): 106–108.
[8] He H, Wang XX, Zhang DJ, 2021, Summary of Professor Wang Xiuxia’s Clinical Experience in Diagnosing and Treating Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus. World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16(3): 500–503.
[9] Wang SX, Meng XZ, Wang XX, 2006, Introduction to Wang Xiuxia’s Experience in Treating Vulvar Leukoplakia. Heilongjiang Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2006(4): 30.
[10] Chen JZ, Jin JL, 2012, A Case Study of Professor Jin Jiling’s Experience in Treating Vulvar White Lesions with Herbal Fumigation. Jilin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 32(8): 851 + 859.
[11] Ye LL, Feng ZR, 2010, Feng Zhirong’s Experience in Treating Vulvar White Lesions. Journal of Practical Traditional Chinese Medicine, 26(3): 189.
[12] Han MX, Liu WQ, 2017, Liu Wenqiong’s Experience in Treating Vulvar White Lesions in Elderly Patients. Journal of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 41(7): 609–611.
[13] Qi N, Feng C, Han YH, 2017, Han Yanhua’s Experience in Diagnosing and Treating Vulvar Leukoplakia. Henan Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 37(6): 974–976.
[14] Wei MX, Liu C, Li Z, et al., 2013, Professor Han Yanhua’s Experience in Treating Vulvar Leukoplakia Based on Syndrome Differentiation. Proceedings of the 13th National Conference on Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 160–161.
[15] Hu XX, Liang JS, 2011, Liang Juner’s Experience in Treating Vulvar White Lesions. Liaoning Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 38(5): 839–840.
[16] Jiao N, Wang BQ, 2013, Professor Guo Zhiqiang’s Experience in Treating Vulvar Leukoplakia. International Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 35(11): 1039–1041.
[17] Ju HM, Cui XH, Wu XH, 2019, Wu Xinhua’s Experience in Treating Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus. Shandong Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 38(7): 686–688.
[18] Kang LL, Wei QL, 2019, Director Wei Qinglin’s Clinical Experience in Treating Vulvar Nutritional Dysplasia. Clinical Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 11(34): 43–45.
[19] Liu JS, Gao SG, 2006, A Case of Vulvar Leukoplakia Cured by Professor Yan Zhenghua. World Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 2006(2): 81.
[20] Liu LF, Wang RX, Zhang SF, 2018, Chief Physician Zhang Shufen’s Clinical Experience in Comprehensive Treatment of Vulvar Nutritional Dysplasia. Guangxi Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 41(1): 33–35.
[21] Liu LF, Zhang SF, Wang RX, 2019, Professor Zhang Yufen’s Experience in Treating Vulvar Nutritional Deficiency. Western Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 32(5): 23–25.
[22] Lu Q, Du HL, Chen JW, et al., 2023, Clinical Study on Professor Du Huilan’s Treatment of Vulvar Pigmentation Hypopigmentation Diseases. Hebei Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 38(1): 61–64.
[23] Ma Y, Wei XM, Xu QH, et al., 2013, Introduction to Professor Xie Ping’s Clinical Experience in Treating Vulvar Nutritional Deficiency. Yunnan Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 34(9): 1–3.
[24] Song D, Zhou KY, 2019, Professor Xie Ping’s Experience in Treating Vulvar Nutritional Deficiency with Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine. World Latest Medical Information, 19(16): 218–219.
[25] Wang L, Tu Xiaoling, Cha Juan, et al., 2015, Xie Ping’s Experience in Treating Vulvar Nutritional Deficiency. Journal of Practical Traditional Chinese Medicine, 31(10): 958–959.
[26] Pu JJ, Li FY, 2022, Professor Wang Qi’s Experience in Treating Vulvar Sclerotic Lichen. Guangxi Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 45(3): 45–48.
[27] Ren L, 2017, Professor Liu Chunfu’s Clinical Experience in Treating Vulvar White Lesions. Modern Distance Education of Chinese Medicine, 15(11): 85–87.
[28] Shen BL, 2015, Director Zhang Jinfeng’s Experience in Treating Vulvar Nutritional Deficiency. Journal of Shanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16(4): 43–44.
[29] Si WZ, Dang RN, Lu JP, et al., 2020, National Medical Master Xuan Guowei’s Experience in Treating Vulvar Sclerotic Lichen. China Medical Herald, 17(6): 149–152.
[30] Sun MF, Wang Q, Sha M, 2021, Professor Sha Mei’s Experience in Treating Vulvar Leukoplakia with Li Yu Sheng Xian Tang. Modern Distance Education of Chinese Medicine, 19(15): 60–61.
[31] Wang WJ, 2012, Liu Jinxing’s Experience in Treating Vulvar Leukoplakia. Shanxi Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 28(6): 4–5.
[32] Yuan YQ, Li XWF, Liu PF, et al., 2022, Liu Jinxing’s Experience in Treating Vulvar White Lesions from the Perspective of Liver and Kidney. Hubei Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 44(12): 26–29.
[33] Yang T, 2015, Hu Xiaorong’s Experience in Treating Vulvar Leukoplakia with Self-made Baidian Zhiyang Decoction. Jiangxi Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 46(1): 29–30.
[34] Yu SZ, Deng Y, 1998, Experience of Yu Jibai in Applying Guizhi Fuling Pill. Journal of Chinese Medical Sciences, 1998(3): 61–63.
[35] Zhang YL, Zhao R, 2019, Xia Yuqing’s Clinical Experience in Treating Vulvar White Lesions. Chinese Folk Therapy, 27(15): 14–15.
[36] Zhao JD, Li SL, Shi W, et al., 2022, A Brief Summary of Li Shuling’s Experience in Treating Vulvar White Lesions Based on “Deficiency of Origin and Accumulation of Toxins”. Shizhen Medicine and Materia Medica Research, 33(4): 976–978.
[37] Zhao L, Zhang TT, 2010, Case Studies of Li Chaojing’s Clinical Experience. Liaoning Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 37(S1): 286–287.
[38] Zhao WJ, Qu LY, Zhou L, et al., 2017, Professor Wei Shaobin’s Experience in Treating Vulvar White Lesions with the Method of Benefiting Kidney and Nourishing Liver. Forum on Traditional Chinese Medicine, 32(1): 28–29.
[39] Zhao WW, Hong JT, 2012, Summary of Hong Jiatie’s Experience in Treating Vulvar White Lesions. Liaoning Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 39(7): 1236–1237.
[40] Zhuang YL, Xu L, Jin Z, 2019, Jin Zhe’s Experience in Improving Vulvar White Lesions with the Method of Nourishing Blood and Dispelling Wind. Beijing Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 38(6): 567–569.
[41] Fruchter R, Melnick L, Pomeranz MK, 2017, Lichenoid Vulvar Disease: A Review. International Journal of Women’s Dermatology, 3(1): 58–64.
[42] Song JH, Xing LY, Wang SS, et al., 2022, Quality of Life and Influencing Factors of Patients with Vulvar Sclerotic Lichen: A Questionnaire Survey Based on 198 Adult Females. Journal of Dermatology and Venereology, 29(4): 311–316.
[43] Expert Committee of Vulvovaginal Diseases Project of Women and Children's Healthcare Branch of China Association for International Exchange of Healthcare, 2021, Expert Consensus on the Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Female Vulvar Sclerotic Lichen (2021 Edition). Chinese Journal of Practical Gynecology and Obstetrics, 37(1): 70–74.
[44] American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2020, Diagnosis and Management of Vulvar Skin Disorders: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 224. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 136(1): 1–14.
[45] Van der Meijden WI, Boffa MJ, Ter Harmsel WA, et al., 2016 European Guideline for the Management of Vulval Conditions. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 31(6): 925–941.
[46] Moyal-Barracco M, Wendling J, 2014, Vulvar Dermatosis. Best Practice and Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 28(7): 946–958.